1. Class Cestoda Common name: tapeworms Overview Tapeworms are endoparasites of vertebrates, often using invertebrates as intermediate hosts

2. In Africa, endoparasites in particular can cause large livestock losses, because smallholder farmers that also raise crops often rely on shared grazing land.

3. Rice root nematode (Hirschmanniella oryzae) is a migratory endoparasite which on higher inoculum levels will lead to complete destruction of a rice crop.

4. Tapeworms (Cestoda) are a highly diversified group of ubiquitous endoparasites that generally have a two-phase life cycle: vertebrates serve as final hosts and all orders may utilize arthropods, other invertebrates or even vertebrates as first intermediate hosts with the sole exception of the Caryophyllidea, whose eggs only infect oligocheate annelids.